«Calendario de la sabiduría», de Tolstoy

Algunos extractos del libro:

Uno  de  los  peores  prejuicios  conocidos  es  defendido  por  la  mayoría  de  los  así llamados  eruditos de  nuestra  época,  quienes  afirman  que  una  persona  puede  vivir  sin fe. 

A  lo  largo  de  los  siglos,  en  todas  las  edades,  la  gente  ha  deseado  conocer  -  o  al menos  tener una  vaga  idea  -  el  origen,  el  principio  y  el  propósito  final  de  su  existencia. La  religión  satisface esta  necesidad  y  revela  esas  relaciones  que  unen  a  todas  las personas  como  hermanos,  al enseñarles  que  comparten  el  mismo  origen,  la  misma  tarea que  ha  de  presidir  sus  vidas  y el mismo  objetivo  general.  Giuseppe  Mazzini.

El  significado  esencial  de  toda  religión  es  contestar  a  la  pregunta:  «  ¿Por  qué  vivo,  y cuál  es  mi  actitud  hacia  el  mundo  ilimitado  que  me  rodea?».  No  existe  ni  una  sola religión,  desde  la  más  sofisticada  a  la  más  primitiva,  que  no  posea  en  su  base  la definición  de  esta  actitud  de  una  persona  hacia  el  mundo. 

En  el  corazón  de  toda  religión  yace  una  única  verdad  unificadora.  Los  persas  llevan sus  taovids,  los  judíos  sus  gorros,  los  cristianos  su  cruz,  los  musulmanes  su  media  luna, pero  debemos  recordar  que  se  trata  tan  sólo  de  símbolos  externos.  La  esencia  general  de toda  religión  es  «ama  a  tu  prójimo»,  algo  que  exigen  Manuf,  Zoroastro,  Buda,  Moisés, Sócrates, Jesús, san Pablo  y Mahoma  por igual.  Ewald  Flügel.  

La  vida  de  una  persona  sin fe  es  la  vida  de  un animal.

La  gente  bondadosa  se  ayuda  mutuamente  sin  siquiera  darse  cuenta  de  ello,  y  la gente  malvada  se  ataca  a  propósito.  Proverbio chino. 

A veces,  el  daño  causado  por  nuestras  palabras  es  evidente,  pero  otras  veces  no,  mas el  daño  no  disminuye  aunque  seamos  incapaces  de  ver  el  sufrimiento  que  nuestras palabras  causan a  otras  personas.

Ay  de  ti  si  destruyes  la  unidad  de  la  gente,  revolviendo  a  unos  contra  otros  con  tus palabras.

Es  importante  esforzarse  por  hacer  el  bien,  y  aún  más  importante  esforzarse  por abstenerse  del  mal.

Consideraré  un  hombre  recto  a  aquel  capaz  de  refrenar  su  cólera,  cuya  rapidez  es comparable  a  la  del  carruaje  más  veloz.  Otras  personas  carecen  de  poder.  Se  limitan  a tirar  de  las  riendas.  Dhammapada,  un libro  de  Sabiduría  budista.

No  te  rindas,  por  más  veces  que  te  propongas  salir  victorioso  sobre  tus  pasiones. Cada  esfuerzo  debilita  la  fuerza  de  la  pasión y facilita  la  victoria  sobre  ella.

1)  No  dejes  para  mañana  lo  que  puedas  hacer  hoy.  2)  No  obligues  a  otra  persona  a hacer  lo  que  tú  puedes  hacer.  3)  El  orgullo  es  más  costoso  que  todo  lo  necesario  para comer,  beber,  resguardarse  o  vestirse.  4)  Sufrimos  mucho,  pensando  en  lo  que  podría haber  pasado,  pero  no  en  lo  que  pasó  en  realidad.  5)  Si  pierdes  los  estribos,  cuenta  hasta diez  antes  de  decir  o  hacer  algo.  Si  aún  no  te  has  calmado,  cuenta  hasta  cien.  Si  todavía no te  has  calmado  después  de  esto, continúa  hasta  mil.  Thomas  Jefferson.

"Cristo  resumió  todas  Sus  enseñanzas  en  Su  último  mandamiento:  «Amaos  los  unos  a los  otros  como  yo  os  he  amado.  Todo  el  mundo  verá  que  sois  mis  discípulos  si  os  amáis los  unos  a  los  otros». No dijo  «si  creéis»,  sino  «si  os  amáis».  La  fe  puede  cambiar  con el tiempo,  porque  nuestro  conocimiento  no  para  de  cambiar.  El  amor,  por  el  contrario, nunca  cambia.  El  amor  es  eterno."

Deberíamos  estar  preparados  para  cambiar  nuestros  puntos  de  vista  en  cualquier momento,  desprendernos  de  prejuicios  y  vivir  con  una  mente  abierta  y  receptiva.  Un marinero  que  siempre  larga  las  mismas  velas,  sin  cambiarlas  cuando  el  viento  cambia, jamás  llegará  a  puerto.  Henry George.

Pensamos  que  un  hombre  está  loco  si,  en  lugar  de  cubrir  su  casa  con  un  tejado  y poner  ventanas  en  sus  marcos,  sale  en  plena  tormenta  y  se  expone  al  viento,  la  lluvia  y las  nubes.  Pero  todos  hacemos  lo  mismo  cuando  denunciamos  y  vilipendiamos  la maldad  de  los  demás,  en  lugar  de  combatir  la  maldad  que  existe  en  nuestro  interior.  Es posible  desembarazarse  de  esa  maldad  que  nos  habita,  al  igual  que  es  posible  construir un  techo  y  ventanas  para  nuestra  casa.

Séneca,  un  hombre  sabio  de  Roma,  dijo  que  cuando  quieras  escapar  de  tu  rabia, cuando  te  des  cuenta  de  que  se  está  forjando,  lo  mejor  es  parar.  No  hacer  nada.  No andar,  no  moverse,  no  hablar.  Si  tu  cuerpo  o  tu  lengua  se  mueven  en  ese  momento,  la rabia  aumentará.

La  rabia  es  muy  perjudicial  para  todo  el  mundo,  pero  sobre  todo  para  el  hombre  que la  experimenta.  

...el  mayor  daño  que  padecerás será  causado  por  el  odio  y  la  rabia  agazapados  en  tu  corazón. 

Nada  puede  justificar  tu  rabia.  La  razón  de  tu rabia  siempre  reside  en  tu interior.

Recuerda  cuántas  cosas  perdiste  intentando  satisfacer  tus  anteriores  deseos.  Lo mismo  podría  pasar  ahora,  con  los  deseos  que  te  espolean  en  el  presente.  Intenta domeñar  tus  actuales  deseos, aplacarlos.  Es  lo más  beneficioso,  y lo más  factible.

La  maldad  material  causada  por  la  guerra  es  enorme,  pero  es  incomparablemente pequeña  en  comparación  con  la  perversión  de  la  percepción  del  bien  y  del  mal  que ocurre  durante  la  guerra, y que  es  inyectada  en las  almas  de  las  personas  que  no piensan.

Si   piensas   que  está  permitido   detenerse  en  el  sendero  que  conduce  a  una comprensión  mayor,  estás  muy  alejado  de  la  verdad.  La    vida  que  hemos  recibido  nos fue  entregada  no  sólo  para  que  la  admiráramos,  sino  para  buscar  sin  tregua  la  nueva verdad que  se   nos  oculta.  John Milton.

Después  de  una  larga  conversación,  para  e  intenta  recordar  sobre  qué  versaba.  No  te sorprendas  si  descubres  que  algunas  cosas,  en  ocasiones  toda  la  conversación,  eran absurdas, vacías, triviales  y,  a  veces,  incluso malvadas. 

Una  persona  estúpida  debería  estar  siempre  callada,  pero  si  fuera  consciente  de  esto, no sería  estúpida.  Muslih-ud-din Saadi.  

Habla  sólo  cuando tus  palabras  sean mejor  que  tu  silencio.  Proverbio árabe. 

Por  cada  vez  que  te  arrepientas  de  no  haber  dicho  nada,  te  arrepentirás  cien  veces  de que  no guardaste  silencio. 

La  gente  bondadosa  nunca  interviene  en  discusiones,  y  aquellos  que  gustan  de  las discusiones  no  son  bondadosos.  Las  palabras  sinceras  no  siempre  son  agradables,  y  las palabras  agradables  no son necesariamente  sinceras. Lao-Tsé. 

Si  quieres  ser  una  persona  inteligente,  has  de  aprender  a  hacer  preguntas  claras,  a escuchar  con  atención,  a  contestar  con  serenidad  y  a  dejar  de  hablar  cuando  no  haya nada  más  que  decir.

La  gente  cuya  única  motivación  es  ofrecer  algo  original  dice  muchas  estupideces. Voltaire. 

Si  tienes  tiempo  de  pensar  antes  de  hablar,  piensa,  ¿es  necesario  hablar?  ¿Perjudicará a  alguien  lo  que  voy a  decir? 

Los  actos  de  una  persona  configuran  su  vida,  configuran  su  destino.  Es  la  ley  de nuestra  vida.

La  verdadera  sabiduría  no  reside  en  saberlo  todo,  sino  en  saber  qué  cosas  hay  que saber  en  la  vida,  cuáles  son  menos  necesarias  y  cuáles  son  completamente  innecesarias. Entre  el  conocimiento  más  necesario  se  cuenta  el  conocimiento  de  saber  cómo  vivir bien,  o  sea,  cómo  ocasionar  el  menor  mal  posible  y  el  mayor  bien  en  la  propia  vida. 

Si  ves  que  algún  aspecto  de  tu  sociedad  es  malo,  y  quieres  mejorarlo,  sólo  hay  una forma  de  hacerlo:  has  de  mejorar  a  la  gente.  Para  mejorar  a  la  gente,  sólo  hay  una  forma de  empezar:  mejorándote  a  ti  mismo.

La  vida  auténtica  sólo  se  encuentra  en  el  presente.  Si  la  gente  te  dice  que  deberías vivir  preparándote  para  el  futuro,  no  la    creas.  Vivimos  en  esta  vida,  y  sólo  conocemos esta  vida,  luego  todos  nuestros  esfuerzos  deberían  consagrarse  al  perfeccionamiento  de nuestra  vida.  No  la  vida  en  general,  sino  cada  hora  de  esta  vida  debería  vivirse  de  la mejor  manera  que  sepas. 

La  vida  no  consiste  ni  en  los  sufrimientos  ni  en  el  placer,  sino  que  es  el  negocio  del que  nos  hemos  de  encargar,  y  que  hemos  de  terminar  con  honradez,  hasta  el  fin  de nuestra  vida.  Alexis  de  Tocqueville.

Los  individuos  mueren,  pero  la  sabiduría  que  han  adquirido  en  su  vida  no  muere  con ellos.  La  humanidad  atesora  toda  esta  sabiduría,  y  una  persona  utiliza  la  sabiduría  de  los que  han  vivido  antes  que  él.  La  educación  de  la  humanidad  me  recuerda  la  creación  de las  antiguas  pirámides,  en que  todo nuevo ser pone  otra  piedra  en sus  cimientos.

El  que  no  teme  a  nada,  y  está  dispuesto  a  ofrecer  su  vida  por  una  causa  justa,  es mucho  más  fuerte  que  aquel  a  quien  teme  otra  gente,  y que  tiene  la  vida  de  otra  gente  en su poder.  

Busca  los  mejores  hombres  entre  aquellos  que  son despreciados. 

Haz  lo  que  consideres  necesario,  y  no esperes  recompensa.  Recuerda  que  un estúpido es  un mal  juez  de  actos  inteligentes.

La  pasión  que  anida  en el  corazón  de  una  persona  es  como  una  telaraña.  Al  principio, es  un  visitante  desconocido.  Después,  se  convierte  en  un  huésped  habitual.  Al  final,  es el  dueño  de  la  casa.  El  Talmud.

Si  quieres  demostrar  alguna  verdad  a  los  que  te  escuchan,  no  te  irrites,  y  no  digas palabras  severas  u ofensivas. Epicteto.

Arrepentirse   significa   mostrar   tus  vicios   y  debilidades  a  todo  el  mundo.  El arrepentimiento   significa   aceptar   la   responsabilidad   de  todas  tus  malas  acciones, purificar  tu alma  y prepararte  para  aceptar  la  bondad.


"Antifragile", by Nassim Taleb

Some excerpts from the book:

“In the markets, fixing prices, or, equivalently, eliminating speculators, the so-called “noise traders”—and the moderate volatility that they bring—provide an illusion of stability, with periods of calm punctuated with large jumps. Because players are unused to volatility, the slightest price variation will then be attributed to insider information, or to changes in the state of the system, and will cause panics. When a currency never varies, a slight, very slight move makes people believe that the world is ending. Injecting some confusion stabilizes the system.”

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“In social policy, it consists in protecting the very weak and letting the strong do their job, rather than helping the middle class to consolidate its privileges, thus blocking evolution and bringing all manner of economic problems that tend to hurt the poor the most.”

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“two types of knowledge. The first type is not exactly “knowledge”; its ambiguous character prevents us from associating it with the strict definitions of knowledge. It is a way of doing things that we cannot really express in clear and direct language—it is sometimes called apophatic—but that we do nevertheless, and do well. The second type is more like what we call “knowledge”; it is what you acquire in school, can get grades for, can codify, what is explainable, academizable, rationalizable, formalizable, theoretizable, codifiable, Sovietizable, bureaucratizable, Harvardifiable, provable, etc. The error of naive rationalism leads to overestimating the role and necessity of the second type, academic knowledge, in human affairs—and degrading the uncodifiable, more complex, intuitive, or experience-based type.”

---

“The important difference between theory and practice lies precisely in the detection of the sequence of events and retaining the sequence in memory. If life is lived forward but remembered backward, as Kierkegaard observed, then books exacerbate this effect—our own memories, learning, and instinct have sequences in them. Someone standing today looking at events without having lived them would be inclined to develop illusions of causality, mostly from being mixed-up by the sequence of events. In real life, in spite of all the biases, we do not have the same number of asynchronies that appear to the student of history. Nasty history, full of lies, full of biases!”

---

“the fooled by randomness effect: mistaking the merely associative for the causal, that is, if rich countries are educated, immediately inferring that education makes a country rich, without even checking. Epiphenomenon here again. (The error in reasoning is a bit from wishful thinking, because education is considered “good”; I wonder why people don’t make the epiphenomenal association between the wealth of a country and something “bad,” say, decadence, and infer that decadence, or some other disease of wealth like a high suicide rate, also generates wealth.) I am not saying that for an individual, education is useless: it builds helpful credentials for one’s own career—but such effect washes out at the country level. Education stabilizes the income of families across generations. A merchant makes money, then his children go to the Sorbonne, they become doctors and magistrates. The family retains wealth because the diplomas allow members to remain in the middle class long after the ancestral wealth is depleted. But these effects don’t count for countries.”

---

"there are two domains, the ludic, which is set up like a game, with its rules supplied in advance in an explicit way, and the ecological, where we don’t know the rules and cannot isolate variables, as in real life. Seeing the nontransferability of skills from one domain to the other led me to skepticism in general about whatever skills are acquired in a classroom, anything in a non-ecological way, as compared to street fights and real-life situations."

---

"There is this error of thinking that things always have a reason that is accessible to us—that we can comprehend easily. Indeed, the most severe mistake made in life is to mistake the unintelligible for the unintelligent-"

—-

"exposure is more important than knowledge; decision effects supersede logic. Textbook “knowledge” misses a dimension, the hidden asymmetry of benefits—just like the notion of average. The need to focus on the payoff from your actions instead of studying the structure of the world (or understanding the “True” and the “False”) has been largely missed in intellectual history. Horribly missed. The payoff, what happens to you (the benefits or harm from it), is always the most important thing, not the event itself."

"My point taken further is that True and False (hence what we call “belief”) play a poor, secondary role in human decisions; it is the payoff from the True and the False that dominates—and it is almost always asymmetric, with one consequence much bigger than the other, i.e., harboring positive and negative asymmetries (fragile or antifragile)."


—-

"the problem is deeply ingrained in standard reactions; the predictors’ reply when we point out their failures has typically been “we need better computation” in order to predict the event better and figure out the probabilities, instead of the vastly more effective “modify your exposure” and learn to get out of trouble, something religions and traditional heuristics have been better at enforcing than naive and cosmetic science."


—-

"In addition to the medical empirics, this section has attempted to vindicate the unreasonable mavericks, engineers, freelance entrepreneurs, innovative artists, and anti-academic thinkers who have been reviled by history. Some of them had great courage—not just the courage to put forth their ideas, but the courage to accept to live in a world they knew they did not understand. And they enjoyed it."

—-

"this method can show us where the math in economic models is bogus—which models are fragile and which ones are not. Simply do a small change in the assumptions, and look at how large the effect, and if there is acceleration of such effect."


—-

"if you have more than one reason to do something (choose a doctor or veterinarian, hire a gardener or an employee, marry a person, go on a trip), just don’t do it."

—-

"What survives must be good at serving some (mostly hidden) purpose that time can see but our eyes and logical faculties can’t capture."

—-

"the way to do it rigorously, according to the notions of fragility and antifragility, is to take away from the future, reduce from it, simply, things that do not belong to the coming times. Via negativa."

—-

"I insist on the via negativa method of prophecy as being the only valid one: there is no other way to produce a forecast without being a turkey somewhere, particularly in the complex environment in which we live today. Now, I am not saying that new technologies will not emerge—something new will rule its day, for a while. What is currently fragile will be replaced by something else, of course. But this “something else” is unpredictable. In all likelihood, the technologies you have in your mind are not the ones that will make it, no matter your perception of their fitness and applicability—with all due respect to your imagination."

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—-

"When asked to imagine the future, we have the tendency to take the present as a baseline, then produce a speculative destiny by adding new technologies and products to it and what sort of makes sense, given an interpolation of past developments. We also represent society according to our utopia of the moment, largely driven by our wishes—except for a few people called doomsayers, the future will be largely inhabited by our desires. So we will tend to over-technologize it and underestimate the might of the equivalent of these small wheels on suitcases that will be staring at us for the next millennia."

—-

"And the past—properly handled, as we will see in the next section—is a much better teacher about the properties of the future than the present. To understand the future, you do not need technoautistic jargon, obsession with “killer apps,” these sort of things. You just need the following: some respect for the past, some curiosity about the historical record, a hunger for the wisdom of the elders, and a grasp of the notion of “heuristics,” these often unwritten rules of thumb that are so determining of survival. In other words, you will be forced to give weight to things that have been around, things that have survived."

—-

"The perishable is typically an object, the nonperishable has an informational nature to it. A single car is perishable, but the automobile as a technology has survived about a century (and we will speculate should survive another one). Humans die, but their genes—a code—do not necessarily. The physical book is perishable—say, a specific copy of the Old Testament—but its contents are not, as they can be expressed into another physical book."

—-

"If you announce to someone “you lost $ 10,000,” he will be much more upset than if you tell him “your portfolio value, which was $ 785,000, is now $ 775,000.” Our brains have a predilection for shortcuts, and the variation is easier to notice (and store) than the entire record. It requires less memory storage. This psychological heuristic (often operating without our awareness), the error of variation in place of total, is quite pervasive, even with matters that are visual.

We notice what varies and changes more than what plays a large role but doesn’t change."

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"top-down is usually irreversible, so mistakes tend to stick, whereas bottom-up is gradual and incremental, with creation and destruction along the way, though presumably with a positive slope."

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"People in risk management only consider risky things that have hurt them in the past (given their focus on “evidence”), not realizing that, in the past, before these events took place, these occurrences that hurt them severely were completely without precedent, escaping standards."

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"if that something has been around for a very, very long time, then, irrational or not, you can expect it to stick around much longer, and outlive those who call for its demise."

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"The hidden costs of health care are largely in the denial of antifragility. But it may not be just medicine—what we call diseases of civilization result from the attempt by humans to make life comfortable for ourselves against our own interest, since the comfortable is what fragilizes."

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"Evolution proceeds by undirected, convex bricolage or tinkering, inherently robust, i.e., with the achievement of potential stochastic gains thanks to continuous, repetitive, small, localized mistakes. What men have done with top-down, command-and-control science has been exactly the reverse: interventions with negative convexity effects, i.e., the achievement of small certain gains through exposure to massive potential mistakes."

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"iatrogenics is the result of wealth and sophistication rather than poverty and artlessness, and of course the product of partial knowledge rather than ignorance."


"If true wealth consists in worriless sleeping, clear conscience, reciprocal gratitude, absence of envy, good appetite, muscle strength, physical energy, frequent laughs, no meals alone, no gym class, some physical labor (or hobby), good bowel movements, no meeting rooms, and periodic surprises, then it is largely subtractive (elimination of iatrogenics)."

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“Never ask anyone for their opinion, forecast, or recommendation. Just ask them what they have—or don’t have—in their portfolio.”


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"one side of a decision has larger consequences than the other—we don’t have evidence that people are terrorists but we check them for weapons; we don’t believe the water is poisonous but we avoid drinking it; something that would be absurd for someone narrowly applying Aristotelian logic."


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"My suggestion to deter “too big to fail” and prevent employers from taking advantage of the public is as follows. A company that is classified as potentially bailable out should it fail should not be able to pay anyone more than a corresponding civil servant. Otherwise people should be free to pay each other what they want since it does not affect the taxpayer. Such limitation would force companies to stay small enough that they would not be considered for a bailout in the event of their failure."


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"Those who have wrong heuristics—but with a small harm in the event of error—will survive. Behavior called “irrational” can be good if it is harmless."


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"Barbell Strategy: A dual strategy, a combination of two extremes, one safe and one speculative, deemed more robust than a “monomodal” strategy; often a necessary condition for antifragility. For instance, in biological systems, the equivalent of marrying an accountant and having an occasional fling with a rock star; for a writer, getting a stable sinecure and writing without the pressures of the market during spare time. Even trial and error are a form of barbell."


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"They showed in a remarkable study that the purpose of arguments is not to make decisions but to convince others—since decisions we arrive at by reasoning are fraught with massive distortions. They showed it experimentally, producing evidence that individuals are better at forging arguments in a social setting (when there are others to convince) than when they are alone."


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"Anti-Enlightenment: For a review, Sternhell (2010), McMahon (2001), Delon (1997). Horkheimer and Adorno provide a powerful critique of the cosmeticism and sucker-traps in the ideas of modernity. And of course the works of John Gray, particularly Gray (1998) and Straw Dogs, Gray (2002)."


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